Improved load frequency control of a hybrid Thermal–PV–Wind power system via SO-TPIDnAn technique
Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol.17, no.9, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 17 Issue: 9
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.1016/j.asej.2026.104334
- Journal Name: Ain Shams Engineering Journal
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals, Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Keywords: Load frequency control, PID controller, Robust performance, Snake optimizer, Solar PV, Wind power
- Hakkari University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
The growing penetration of renewable energy sources in modern power systems has significantly complicated the challenge of load frequency control (LFC). The intermittent nature of solar and wind generation, coupled with increasingly unpredictable residential consumption patterns, undermines the effectiveness of traditional control mechanisms. Conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers — including fractional-order, tilted, and filtered variants — are commonly employed but often fail to maintain frequency stability under such dynamic and nonlinear conditions. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel Tilted Proportional Integral Filtered-Derivative Filtered-Accelerative (TPIDnAn) controller specifically designed to enhance LFC performance in renewable-dominated environments. The controller parameters are optimized using the Snake Optimizer (SO) algorithm, which offers robust tuning capabilities and improved adaptability. The proposed control strategy is rigorously tested on a two-area power system integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy sources. Its performance is compared against other advanced controllers across multiple scenarios, including step load changes, random disturbances, generation rate constraint (GRC) non-linearity, and hybrid renewable integration. Evaluation metrics such as overshoot/undershoot (p.u.), transient time (s), peak time (s), and the integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) confirm the superior effectiveness and resilience of the TPIDnAn controller in maintaining frequency stability and meeting LFC standards under diverse operating conditions.